Who Was Constantine the Great

The Roman Emperor Constantine (c 280 - 337 A.D.) was one of the most influential personages in ancient history. By adopting Christianity as the religion of the vast Roman Empire, he elevated a once illegal cult to the law of the land. At the Council of Nicea, Constantine the Great settled Christian doctrine for the ages. And by establishing a capital at Byzantium, which became Constantinople and then Istanbul, he set into motion events that would break the empire, split the Christian church, and influence European history for a millennium. Early Life Flavius Valerius Constantinus was born in Naissus, in the province of Moesia Superior, present-day Serbia. Constantines mother, Helena, was a barmaid and his father a military officer named Constantius. His father would rise to become the Emperor Constantius I and Constantines mother would be canonized as St. Helena, who was thought to have found a portion of Jesus cross. By the time Constantius became governor of Dalmatia, he required a wife of pedigree and found one in Theodora, a daughter of Emperor Maximian. Constantine and Helena were shuffled off to the eastern emperor, Diocletian, in Nicomedia. The Fight to Become Emperor Upon his fathers death on July 25, 306 A.D., Constantines troops proclaimed him Caesar. Constantine wasnt the only claimant. In 285, Emperor Diocletian had established the Tetrarchy, which gave four men rule over a quadrant each of the Roman Empire, with two senior emperors and two non-hereditary juniors. Constantius had been one of the senior emperors. Constantines most powerful rivals for his fathers position were Maximian and his son, Maxentius, who had assumed power in Italy, controlling Africa, Sardinia, and Corsica as well. Constantine raised an army from Britain that included Germans and Celts, which the Byzantine historian Zosimus said included 90,000 foot soldiers and 8,000 cavalry. Maxentius raised an army of 170,000 foot soldiers and 18,000 horsemen. On October 28, 312, Constantine marched on Rome and met Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. The story goes that Constantine had a vision of the words in hoc signo vinces (in this sign you will conquer) upon a cross, and he swore that, should he triumph against great odds, he would pledge himself to Christianity. (Constantine actually resisted baptism until he was on his deathbed.) Wearing a sign of a cross, Constantine won, and the following year he made Christianity legal throughout the Empire with the Edict of Milan. After Maxentius defeat, Constantine and his brother-in-law, Licinius, split the empire between them. Constantine ruled the West, Licinius the East. The two remained rivals over a decade of uneasy truces before their animosity culminated in the Battle of Chrysopolis, in 324. Licinius was routed and Constantine became sole Emperor of Rome. To celebrate his victory, Constantine created Constantinople on the site of Byzantium, which had been Licinius stronghold. He enlarged the city, adding fortifications, a vast hippodrome for chariot racing, and a number of temples. He also established a second Senate. When Rome fell, Constantinople became the de facto seat of the empire. Death of Constantine By 336, Constantine the Great had reclaimed most of the province of Dacia, lost to Rome in 271. He planned a great campaign against the Sassanid rulers of Persia but fell ill in 337. Unable to complete his dream of being baptized in the Jordan River, as was Jesus, he was baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia on his deathbed. He had ruled for 31 years, longer than any emperor since Augustus. Constantine and Christianity Much controversy exists over the relationship between Constantine and Christianity. Some historians argue that he was never a Christian, but rather an opportunist; others maintain that he was a Christian before the death of his father. But his work for the faith of Jesus was enduring. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem was built on his orders and became the holiest site in Christendom. For centuries, Catholic popes traced their power to a decree called the Donation of Constantine (later proved a forgery). Eastern Orthodox Christians, Anglicans, and Byzantine Catholics venerate him as a saint. His convocation of the First Council at Nicea produced the Nicene Creed, an article of faith among Christians worldwide.

The Abortion Debate - 2354 Words

Adedayo Adeniyi November 13, 2008 Expository writing An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced. Abortion as a term most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy, while spontaneous abortions are usually termed miscarriages. Abortion has a long history and has been induced by various methods including herbal abortifacients, the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma and other traditional methods. Modern medicine utilizes medications and surgical procedures to induce abortion. The legality, prevalence, and cultural views on†¦show more content†¦But before Roe v. Wade, the movement relied much more on the challenging groups of the 1960s, including the womens movement, than on the world of established interest groups. Nevertheless, the movement was not a complete outsider to the established political process. The a bortion movement mobilized both grass-roots constituents activated by other movements of the 1960s and individuals with many years of experience in established political and voluntary organizations.[ page 13 Staggenborg, Suzanne. Pro-Chioce Movement: Organization and Activism in the Abortion Conflict.] Although the pro-choice movement remained mobilized, its tactical position changed after Roe v. Wade. Following such a decisive victory, collective actors might be expected to push for further advantages, but pro-choice forces soon found themselves on the defensive. Movement organizations like NARAL initially did make proactive demands regarding womens access to quality abortion services, but they soon became preoccupied with reactive tactics aimed at fending off countermovement attacks on Roe v. Wade. 1 Womens movement organizations, particularly local womens liberation groups, which had never viewed legalization of abortion as an end in itself, were anxious to push forward with thei r multi-issue agenda, but they too had to concern themselves with keeping abortion legal. Had there notShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On Abortion And Abortion1448 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion. This word leaves most people feeling uneasy after just saying it out loud. The discussion of abortion is continuously left open-ended with millions of opinions, arguments, and questions. Abortions occur every single day leaving potential fathers devastated or thrilled, leaving friends and families broken and distraught or in contrast, proud. More importantly, leaving the potential mother uncertain and even destroyed. But with abortion in mind, what is considered wrong and what is consideredRead MoreThe Debate Over Abortion3667 Words   |  15 PagesPolitical Science 101 SBCC April 19, 2015 T/R 11:10 Laws vs. The Right to Life The debate over abortion has divided Americans into polarized sides since the Supreme Court’s 7-2 decision in Roe v. Wade on January 22, 1973, where the Court deemed abortion a fundamental right under the United States Constitution. The lawsuit began when Norma McCorvey became pregnant with her third child in 1969 and could not get a legal abortion in Texas. With her attorneys, they filed a lawsuit. Roe v. Wade reached SupremeRead MoreThe Abortion Debate Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of abortion is one of the most controversial topics affecting our society. The disagreement between for and against abortion has caused hundreds of fights that have even resulted in death. Regardless of what many individuals may accept, fetus removal is not right or off. It is a matter of individual assessment. Consequently, each one side can say with assurance that alternate isnt right. Accordingly the inquiry remains; should premature birth be lawful? Though many people may disagreeRead MoreThe Philosophical Aspects Of The Abortion Debate1672 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophical aspects of the abortion debate form two logical arguments, which oppose and support abortion. These arguments are based on what is ethical and the rights of an individual. The view that abortion should be illegal rest on the moral right of the life of a human being at or near conception killing an embryo is unjust since it violates the right to life (Hershenov 129). Therefore, the law should prohibit violation of the right to life. The view that abortion should be legal, generally arguesRead MoreEssay about The Abortion Debate706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Abortion Debate There are all kinds of people in the world, and we all have different opinions. In this report I am discussing abortion. You will read about the pros and cons of this subject. Some people think that abortion is wrong; they think that abortion is the killing of innocent children. Other people believe that the unborn child is not actually a human until it takes its first breath of air. Many people think that having an abortion is in a way, murderRead MoreAbortion Is A Never Ending Debate1094 Words   |  5 Pages Amir Azarvana Pols 1101 July 2nd 2015 Abortion. The tittle of the article I will be analyzing is â€Å"republicans seek to put abortion on the front burner in 2016†. The article was published in U.S. News and World Report, written by Tierney Sneed. Abortion is a never ending debate, it is one of the most common medical procedures performed in the United States each year. Abortion is also one of the most debated topics of all time, it is a never ending debate of whether it should be legal for womenRead MoreThe Debate Over The Controversy Of Abortion1600 Words   |  7 PagesWhen taking the emotional aspect out of the abortion argument, what premise would most support individual liberty? The debate over the controversy of abortion continues because of its frequency of occurrence, and the cultural, legal and religious status that varies extensively in different parts of the United States. While the emotional arguments regarding abortion can be compelling, but should have no bearing in the legal discussion, the individualsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ rights to life and liberty should be held aboveRead More The Debate Over Abortion Essay2024 Words   |  9 PagesWith the ongoing debate and the advancement of technology in determining the viability of a fetus, abortion, the ending of a pregnancy by removing a fertilized egg, has become increasingly controversial. The morality of abortion has caused many to separate into opposite sides of the spectrum, pro-life and pro-choice. The arguments over abortion has stirred a continuous debate between a pro-choice stance such as that presented by the analogical reasoning of Thomson or Glover’s examination of socialRead MoreA Comprehensive Review Of The Civil Liberty Debate On Abortion.1500 Words   |  6 PagesA Comprehensive Review of the Civil Liberty Debate on Abortion Of all the issues plaguing the United States, currently and in the past, abortion rights have been one of the most passionately debated civil liberty issues. Edward Sidlow and Beth Henschen define civil liberties as â€Å"Individual rights protected by the Constitution against the powers of the government†(72). Some argue that women should be protected from the powers of government in terms of reproductive rights while others argue thatRead MoreAbortion In The United States Is A Major Topic Of Debate1218 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion in the United States is a major topic of debate in United States politics. People today frequently hear the terms pro-choice and pro-life, which represent the liberal and conservative views on this issue, respectively. First made illegal in the late 1800s, the federal government did not rule that abortion was legal again until the Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court decision in 1973. Despite this ruling, citizens still fight for women’s ability to terminate their pregnancies as they face legislature

Feminism Is Not Be Viewed As A Harmful Ideology - 1405 Words

The modern definition of feminism: â€Å"an ideology that, in its most basic form, directly opposes sexism by supporting gender equality and portraying women and men as equal.† (Finsterbusch 59). This definition was the early direction towards treating women like human beings rather than a housebound body, and this is why feminism should not be viewed as a harmful ideology. By exemplifying the importance of the ideology of feminism, by refuting those who claim that women have used feminism to exploit their personal wants and desires, and by presenting women’s first hand encounters of inequality, case studies, sound arguments and documented research one will be persuaded that the ideology of feminism is not discrimination towards men, but rather an encouragement for a woman’s rights and equality. In the beginning of early societies, women’s rights were excluded from the big picture, and through the Women’s suffrage act an initiation of movements by feminist activists was created for a fairer life. Although the beginning of time has vanquished from a condemned society and societies have currently advanced this is the reason why attitudes need to become advanced just as well. Since feminism was a powerfully growing figure in the nineteenth century because of the popularity of the idea there were establishments made containing feminist beliefs such as the National Organization for Women and Women’s Equity Action League. Furthermore, these groups and others devotedly pushed forShow MoreRelatedThe Beneficial Belief : Feminism1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Beneficial Belief: Feminism. The modern definition of feminism: â€Å"an ideology that, in its most basic form, directly opposes sexism by supporting gender equality and portraying women and men as equal.† (Finsterbusch 59). This definition was the early direction towards treating women like human beings rather than a housebound body, and this is why feminism should not be viewed as a harmful ideology. By exemplifying the importance of the ideology of feminism, by refuting those who claim that womenRead More10 Things I Hate about You and The Taming of the Shrew1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe characters in the film have similar names to the characters in the play; Petrucio becomes â€Å"Patrick†, Katharina becomes â€Å"Kat†, and Bianca’s name remains the same. The plot in â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You† is similar in that both Kat and Bianca are viewed as prizes to be won; Bianca is only permitted to date if her older sister does, as mandated by their father. To overcome this barrier, Joey, the villain of the film, pays Patrick to date Kat so that he may be allowed to date Bianca. At the same timeRead MoreWhat Influenced Her Work?1560 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical and social frameworks for the lessons she taught her students. This experience â€Å"shaped the thematic approaches and theoretical perspectives† of her scholarship. Collins’ experiences teaching were fundamental to the development of her ideology. She began teaching undergrad African-American studies courses when the field was still relatively new to academia and was therefore seen as invalid. Her goal was to teach social justice to her classes full of Black students, primarily women, â€Å"findingRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of Principles Over People : Abolitionist Feminism And Human Trafficking1656 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical Analysis of Principles over People: Abolitionist Feminism and Human Trafficking In the paper, â€Å"Principles over People†, the author seeks to persuade the reader to think critically about the abolitionist feminism as it relates to human trafficking and prostitution. The author believes the abolitionist feminist movement further perpetuates the very principles they argue against. He believes the abolitionists’ stance that all prostitution is forced and a form of human trafficking removesRead MoreGender And The Media By Rosalind Gill1596 Words   |  7 Pagesthe rapid transmission of media and how those changes affect the construction of feminine and masculine gender roles in society. Gill uses her interest in the contradictions of gender construction by society, to analyze gender and the media. Using feminism as a backbone for her research, Gill and many commentators support the idea that feminist ideas are common and may even affect the media. Gender and the Media addresses multiple forms of media: postfeminism in advertising, gender in the new s andRead MoreThe Double Consciousness By. B Du Bois1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"double consciousness† coined by W.E.B Du Bois, became a popular ideology during the Harlem Renaissance to depict conflicting identities of the black community. Du Bois understood the historical context of black immigration from rural to urban areas would cause problems for those who wanted to create a better life for themselves. Many of the black men who moved to the north were â€Å"untrained and poorly educated.† Du Bois attempted to formulate his theory of identity with race, ethnicity, and cultureRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Issues2708 Words   |  11 PagesFeminism Paige Pflueger â€Å"Feminism by definition, is the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men (google).† However, there are many different kinds of feminism. Feminists disagree what feminism consists of and what exactly should be done about it; there are many controversial arguments on what it means to be a woman or a man and what political implications each gender has or shouldn’t have. So what seems to be the dominant ideology or perceptionRead MoreFeminism : A Dominant Ideology Or Perception Of Feminism?3568 Words   |  15 Pagesâ€Å"Feminism by definition, is the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men† (Google). However, there are many different kinds of feminism. Feminists disagree what feminism consists of and what exactly should be done about it; there are many controversial arguments on what it means to be a woman or a man and what political impli cations each gender has or shouldn’t have. So what seems to be the dominant ideology or perception of feminism? ModernRead MoreThe Second Sex By Simone De Beauvoir Analysis1619 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s Nature according to Sayers and Beauvoir Feminism is a broad range of ideas, ideologies, and movements toward advocating for sex and gender equality for women. There has been a sense of inequality between men and women dating back to the beginning of time and it is still prevalent in society today. Women are constantly being treated unequally, whether it is unequal pay for women in the workforce, violence such as rape against women, or women constantly being sexualized. Along with theRead MoreHow Does Divorce Affect Children?1693 Words   |  7 Pageshas become a subject of concern and further research is needed, currently there are several possible hypotheses for this increase. According to Strow Strow (2006) â€Å"The increased economic opportunities for women outside the home, the rise of feminism, the advent of industrialization and urbanizations, the changing mortality and fertility rates and changing attitudes about divorce† (p. ), could all be contributing factors. Corsaro believes there are four ma in reasons for the increase; â€Å"entrance

Obesity A Common Trend - 985 Words

According to Center Disease Control and Prevention, over one-third (78.6 million) adults are obese, and in 2008 a projected annual cost of $147 billion U.S. dollars were spent for medical cost of adult obesity (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Obesity is a common trend throughout the U.S. making obesity a serious and costly trend. Although obesity is a common trend throughout the U.S. there are certain groups, lifestyle choices and other factors that may likely put an individual at risk for obesity. An individual’s genetic makeup, age, medical condition, environment, and social-economic status are also other risk factors associated with obesity and are trends seen throughout my community and across the United States. The obesity map shows data from 2013 that represents the percentage of adults eighteen years of age and older that are obese in the United States. The second map represents the 2013 percentage of adults eighteen years of age and older that are overweight. The third map symbolizes data from 2012 diagnosed diabetes by age adjusted rate (per 100 adults). Lastly the fourth map indicates 2013 percentage of adults who achieved at least 150 minutes a week of moderate to intensity aerobic physical activity or seventy-five minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity or an equivalent combination. The information from the various maps represents several different trends and can be combined to determine trends such as the correlation of statesShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : How Has This Become A Problem1218 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity: How Has This Become a Problem and What Can Be Done to Fix it? Childhood obesity is affecting 1 out 3 kids in our society. These children are being classified as being obese or overweight. Obesity has gained recognition as an important worldwide public problem and in the U.S., appears to be overtaking tobacco use as the number one cause of preventable death (Dennison, B. A., Edmunds, L. S., Stratton, H. H., Pruzek, R. M. (2006). This is the first time we have ever seen our childrenRead MoreDisease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesDisease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services Final Project Axia college 1/15/2012 Many health care professional have great concerns about the growth of the aging population, chronic disease and the epidemic of obesity, and how will the United States healthcare system prepared for this continuing epidemic. The fact that the aging population along with obesity epidemic is a global healthcare concern, many health cares’ professional is baffled about how to address the growing epidemicRead MoreHealthy Choices for Better Living Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesDoes the media truly influence and play and key role in childhood obesity? Can we hold the media responsible for our food purchases and meals that we as a society choose to provide our children? Certainly there are a multitude of influences in the media and yes, they are geared toward our children. Commercials ran during children’s programming appeal to our youth with catchy jingles, bright colors and actors promoting these products that portray popular characters on our children’s favorite sh owsRead MoreThe Effect Of Obesity On The New Zealand1397 Words   |  6 PagesThe Factors that Lead to Obesity in New Zealand There is a large variety of environmental factors that have led to the increase in Obesity in New Zealand. This essay will explore the factors that have caused the increase in and how they interlink with each other. There has been a clear trend of this world wide however New Zealand is currently among the highest for the percentage of there population being rated 3rd behind the United States of America and Mexico with 28.4% of our population being consideredRead MoreDemographics And Diseases Trends May Influence The Delivery Of Health Care Services1701 Words   |  7 PagesDiseases Trends likely to influence the Delivery of Health Care Services.† Starting with the age group population in the United States at ten to twenty years, then obesity, and then the future to adapt to the health care services. However, the factors that can identify are the environment support and change of trends. In the passage, the writer will talk about aging obesity, and the future of the health care provided. The common diseases examples that will be listed and the aging, obesity, and theRead MoreThe Rising Rate Of Obesity Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pages The rising rate of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now one of the most serious public health challenges that we face in the United States. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that 70.7% of adults over age 20, and 47.4% of children aged 2-19 are either overweight or obese (2015). Over the last 30 years, the number of overweight or obese cases among children tripled, and has doubled among adults according to the former U.S. Surgeon General, Dr. David Satchel (2012). ForRead MoreThe Health Of The Youth Of Australia Face798 Words   |  4 Pageshealth impediments the youth of Australia face, it was found that the most predominant biophysical and psychosocial issues that influence their quality of life and are subsequently correlated are: obesity, diabetes, anxiety and major depressive disorder. Though some mental disorders such as ADHD are more common than that of anxiety disorders, they do not have as much of an impact on quality of life, therefore these health issues will not be included. Furthermore, this essay will study why the health implicationsRead MoreCauses Of Obesity756 Words   |  4 Pagesnew viewpoint on national health spending. These information, which illustration spending on most important disease categories, can be used to gain understanding into recent trends, for example, how spending has altered since the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and some of the important forces behind these trends. The main purpose of th e health system is to improve health through the treatment and prevention of disease and wounds. Investigators can know why health spending has grown acrossRead MoreEvidence-Based Medicine For Treatment Protocolss, And Outcomes Of Evidence-Based Medicine1008 Words   |  5 Pagesfor Obesity and provide the perspective of conventional medicine, complementary and alternative health, and integrative medicine (IM) to determine new standards for medical treatment. A. Obesity - is an excessive accumulation of fat cell within the body that impairs a person’s health and is called malnutrition or undernutrition. Malnutrition includes wasting, stunting, underweight, inadequate vitamins or minerals, overweight, obesity, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (â€Å"WHO | Obesity,† 2014)Read MoreObesity : A Common And Serious Public Health Problem1464 Words   |  6 PagesObesity is classified as one of the extremely common and serious public health problems in the world. Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading global risks of mortality in the world (World Health Organization, 2009). Furthermore, they are one of the major factors of for a number of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer (World Health Organization, 2005). According to NHS UK, obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more for

Critical Discourse Analysis - 1347 Words

2.1. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): 2.1.1. What is CDA? 2.1.1.1. Critical, discourse and analysis Before beginning to address what CDA is, it is important to be clear about what is meant by the concepts of critical, discourse, and analysis: The notion of ‘critical’ is primarily associated with the critical theory of the Frankfurt School where social theory should be oriented towards critiquing and changing society. In CDA, the concept of ‘critical’ is applied to the engagement with power relations. In this sense the role of CDA is to uncloak the hidden power relations, largely constructed through language, and to demonstrate and challenge social inequities reinforced and reproduced.†¦show more content†¦2.1.3. The functions and aims of CDA: Van Dijk (1993) argued that â€Å"CDA deal primarily with the discourse dimensions of power abuse and the injustice and inequality that result from it†. He (1993) added that CDA criticize â€Å"the power elites that enact, sustain, legitimate, condone or ignore social inequality and injustice† and that CDA focuses on â€Å"real problems, that is the serious problems thatShow MoreRelatedCritical Discourse Analysis1510 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis Social communication is increasingly becoming a subject of scientists’ discussions from different disciplines, as well as ordinary language users.  In contemporary social sciences, especially in linguistics, we see a clear shift to discourse.  Discourse allows us to talk about use of the language, as well as the language as a socio-cultural activity.  In this sense, discourse, on one hand, reflects the social reality, on the other hand, it shapes it, therefore participateRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis ( Cda )1507 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach, which has been further developed on the basis of Discourse Analysis (DA) since 1970s. The insights have been expanded into a broader range of social, cultural, psychological and political practices. It is regarded as the textual study aiming to elucidate the abuses of power residing in the texts by analyzing linguistic/semiotic remarks in accordance with the existing (social, political, cultural, etc.) contexts in which those textsRead MoreA Critical Discourse Analysis Framework Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesMethodology A critical discourse analysis framework News is manufactured industrially and deeply influenced by the bureaucratic and economic structure of the media industry, by relations between the media and other industries, and by relations with authoritative apparatuses and institutions such as government. It reflects the prevailing values of a society in a particular historical context and simultaneously shapes the society in return (Fowler, 1991/2013). Although we cannot simply suggest anRead MoreA Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda ) And Argumentation Theory860 Words   |  4 Pages The current empirical study constitutes a critical discourse analysis of part of the discourse that surrounds the New Caledonian independence issue. It aims to explore audience response to political speeches, to investigate how politicians attempt to persuade people to follow a particular course of action, to link the notions of discourse and action to the cognitive dimensions of ideology and presuppositions, to further clarify various contextual factors, such as power configurations, to describeRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis of the Movie Love Actually3536 Words   |  15 PagesCRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE MOVIE LOVE ACTUALLY Love Actually is All Around†¦ Leon Koshcheyev English 2010 Professor O. Pimentel Love Actually is the ultimate romantic comedy written and directed by Richard Curtis. This film consist of dozens of different love stories that like a quilt are weaved together to make one story about love. It is about love in its many forms: love between family members, love between husbands and wives, innocent love, undeclared love, and romantic love. TheRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis For An International Crisis Happening Thousands Miles Away Essay745 Words   |  3 PagesMethodology Critical discourse analysis For an international crisis happening thousands miles away, it is not sufficient to be understood without acknowledging itself as a mediated complex. From critical linguistics perspective, Fowler (1991/2013) believes â€Å"news is socially constructed. What events are reported is not a reflection of intrinsic importance of those events, but reveals the operation of a complex and artificial set of criteria for selection† (p. 2). â€Å"The news media select events forRead More Critical Discourse Analysis Essay2431 Words   |  10 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis Jan blommaert and Chris Bulcaen makes a brief introduction to the study of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). CDA intends to use social-theoretical method in discourse analysis and is primarily linguistically based (Blommaet Bulcaen, 2000, p.447). It intends to analyze the structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power and control through a textual study (Blommaet Bulcaen, 2000, p.448). Based on the assumption that social discourse is constructed andRead MoreSocial Transformations Of New Capitalism1611 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscourse, and specifically discourse that reveals social transformations of New Capitalism, but to determine how societies work and produce both beneficial and detrimental effects and of how the detrimental effects can be mitigated if not eliminated (Christie, 2003, p. 203). Fairclough’s critical approach to texts societal elements affect personhood via discourse. Through his exploration of how the New Capitalism imposes constraints on individuals and societies, Fairclough argues that all peopleRead MoreDiscourse Features Of Mental Health1658 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Discourse features of mental health community have been studied by many scholars. As Morrow (2006) described, there are numerous studies of doctor/patient interaction and of the interaction between other health care professionals and their clients. The research of online community that has gained increased attention by public media and health experts (Wolf et al, 2013) appeared, and there was also critical discourse analysis on the pro-anorexia movement (Knapton, 2013). From these researchesRead MoreMental Representation Of Critical Discourse Analysis2338 Words   |  10 PagesMental representation in Critical Discourse Analysis Levels of analysis This phrase is applied to social sciences to point to the location, size or scale of a research target. It is unique from the term ‘unit of observation† as the former relates to an integrated set of relationships while the latter is about the distinct unit from which data will be gathered. The levels of analysis are not mutually exclusive but an in critical discuss analysis research generally falls under micro level and the

Bottleneck Is Defined As One Neck Bottle â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What are the bottlenecks of Indian economy? What are methods that should be adopted to improve the economic performance and growth? Which are the ways to make the Indian economy perform effectively? How can the economic targets of India as a faster-growing economy be fulfilled? Answers: Introducation The bottleneck is defined as one neck of the bottle which is very crucial in leading to the development of any business model. Bosworth, Barry, Collins, Virma, (2016) asserted that mechanical development and advancement is an immediate result of the focused procedure that outcomes from inside, in light of the fact that disclosure is controlled by the things individuals do in organizations. By conveying new thoughts and practices to an industry, they trigger its further advancement. In various ventures over the world, organizations are presently presenting new plans of action that attention on a particular stride of the esteem chain and, by this, change or even obliterate the upper hand of firms with coordinated esteem chains (Anand, 2006). This advancement of deconstructing vertically incorporated esteem chains is called 'deconstruction'. Thus of this handle, new plans of action with unmistakable qualities create and are changing the tenets of rivalry for setting up organizations an d enterprises in phenomenal ways. Problem Statement In 2014, the World Bank listed India among the countries that could not meet their pre-crisis economic growth rate even though the macro risks had been eased. Some of the bottlenecks that had been listed to hold back the economic growth and development were a political bottleneck, infrastructural bottleneck, funding bottleneck, supply bottleneck, and structural bottleneck. If these bottlenecks are met, India can achieve its targeted growth rate of 9.0%- 9.5% per annum between 2012 and 2018 (Virmani, 2005). First, the study will examine the how each of these issues impacts the economic growth and development. And second, there is the need to address the issues to achieve the anticipated economic growth. Therefore, the focus would be on the methods that can be applied in solving the bottlenecks. Research Aim And Objective India should be among the global thriving economies by 2015 among countries like the U.S., the UK, China, Germany, Brazil, Japan, and France. There is the need to overhaul the current economic policies and choices to achieve the targeted 9.5% economic growth rate yearly. The main objective of the study is to identify the specific bottlenecks that hinder the Indian economic growth and then suggest several methods address them. The specific objectives of the study are; To identify the bottlenecks of Indian economy. To establish the methods that should be adopted to improve the economic performance and growth. To identify ways for the Indian economy to perform effectively. To fulfill the target of economist of India as a growing faster than other Addressing the bottlenecks adversely affecting the effective performance of the Indian economic performance is fundamental. There is the need to explore the full potential of the economic resources and channel enough funding towards the success. There are a number of bottlenecks that make it a challenge to achieve the economic full potential. The existing gap between the actual and needed economic growth rate; this forms the basis of this research study. First, the study will focus on establishing the bottlenecks that hinder economic performance to its full potential. Second, the study seeks to establish the necessary interventions to resolve the bottlenecks and improve the performance. To answer the research question, data on the statistical performance of the Indian economy will be obtained and analysed. The focus would be on the identified bottlenecks which are; political, infrastructure, funding, supply, and structural. Second, professional opinion from economic experts, corporate CEOs, and government economic policymakers will be collected. This will be done through conducting interviews and providing them with a questionnaire to fill. The collected data will then be analysed to obtain concrete results. This section evaluates the existing scholarly and reports on the existing bottleneck on Indian economy. The review summarises, evaluates and clarifies the literature. The literature review provides the researcher with theoretical base of understanding and determining the nature of conducting the research (Bryman Bell, 2011). The focus would be relevant literature while the irrelevant ones will be discarded. The literature has been guided by the research problem, objective and the bottlenecks being addressed. Lastly, the literature provides the conceptual basis of the research topic. Economic Development and Growth of India The Indian economic development was based on social-oriented policies for a long time since independence. Many sectors are owned by the states. The countrys per capita income has been growing at a 1% rate per annum for the last three decades. This is against the estimated growth of 2.5%-3.2%. However, the government shows the need of opening up its economy via economic liberation in the 1980s (Virmani, 2012). The government introduced new economic reforms and policies in the 1990 and 2000s which have compelled India towards becoming a free market economy. In the 2000s, India registered and economic growth rate of 7.5%. This is the highest rate to be ever recorded over the last one decade. It was projected the growth rate would double in a decades time if fundamental reforms were pushed further. By addressing the issues such as funding of investments, infrastructures, agriculture, economic policies and opening doors for multinational corporates, the government expects the economy to surpass the 10% growth rate (Balachandran, Cox, Kumar, Dilip, Roy, 2015). According to the economic reforms strategic plan, the Indian government projected the economy to grow at a rate of 9.0%- 9.5% per annum between 2012 and 2018. Among the states with the leading annual growth between 199 and 2018 were; Tamil Nadu at 9.9%, Gujarat at 9.6%, Haryana at 9.1%, Delhi at 8.9%, Bihar at 5.1%, Uttar Pradesh at 4.4%, and Madhya Pradesh at 6.5%. India is the tenth largest economy globally and the third largest based on the power parity adjusted exchange rate (PPP ). Likewise, India ranks 140th globally based on its Per Capita Income (Anand, 2006). The Indias economic growth relies on service expansion that has been consistent with its growth compared to other economic sectors. Until recently, the Indian government was not investing heavily in industrialization to expand its economy. Other issues that have been associated with poor economic grow are a high level of unemployment and poor development of the infrastructures (Ghate, Pandey, Patnaik, 2013). The macroeconomic factors have performed favourably however the progress has not been significant enough to reduce the countrys poverty level. Since 1991, the rate of poverty reduction has not been higher even after the introduction of the economic reforms. The improvement of another social development sector, which has non-economical dimension, have not brought significant improvement (Dasgupta, 2012). For example, the level of malnutrition has remained high and consistent among the Indian children especially among the poor Indian population. The level of child malnutrition was 46% between the 2005 and 2006 financial years (Straub, 2011). While recommending the progress of the Indias economic reforms, the World Banks suggested that more priorities should be on infrastructures, reforms in the public sector, rural development, agriculture, addressing HIV/AIDS, eliminating labour regulations and boosting reforming in the economic lagging states. According to a study conducted by the international bank in the countries with the ease to do business with index in 2005, India ranked 142 behind China at 90, China at 62 and Brazil at 120 (Singh, 2005). This clearly shows that India still has a long way to go as far as economic reforms and progress is concerned. It is evident that the government and other economic agencies have not adequately addressed the identified issues that hold back positive economic growth; these are referred to as economic bottlenecks. This paper focuses on the impact of political, infrastructure, funding, supply, and structural bottlenecks on Indias economic growth and development (Kumar Wyman, 2017). The governments decision and political stand are large to blame for the slow economic growth. In 2012 the economy registered the lowest growth rate in Nine years of 5.3%. The countrys currency, rupee, lost its exchange value in the financial market. Experts believed that the economic mess was self-instigated. The coalition government lacked clear leadership and acted on conflicts of interest. The policy reforms were aimed at pleasing their friends causing a road block for the favourable economic reforms. For instance, the government reversed its earlier decision to open up Indias retail sector for the international investors in 2012 (Maiti, 2014). The government could not control the growing debt level. The governments debt stood at approximately 70% of the countrys GDP. Moreover, the fiscal deficit was 6.0% of the GDP in 2012 which was higher than 4.8% in 2011. This level of debt raises a lot of economic questions. The debt and increased spending by the government were not investments driven (Mishra, 2013). A third of the government expenditure was subsidies and interest payments. Although the government would have focussed on investing in social projects to benefit a large position of the population, this was not the case. Likewise, the government spent a large portion of the money to bail out stated owned enterprises like the Air India. The huge spending should be regarded as misallocation of resources because no revenue was generated from them (Singh, 2005). Neither the government nor the parliament showed a lack of clear policies and mandate to solve the political issues affecting the countrys economic development. For objective economic growth, the leaders should have long-term reform objectives beyond the election cycles. However, the current leaders focus more on their personal interests therefore economic-oriented leadership seems unlikely to be implemented (Virmani, 2012). Inadequate development of infrastructure has been a major roadblock towards achieving the projected economic growth of 9.0-9.5% yearly between 2012 and 2018. The major factors that hinder Indias infrastructural development are; delayed decision making, skewed policies on land acquisition, corruption, environmental clearance problems, inadequate fuel and energy to support the production sector, and lack of private sector in investment decisions (OECD, 2012). With the increasing urbanization, India requires rapid infrastructure development to support economic growth. With the rapid urbanization and industrialization, the country requires a stable and sufficient supply of fuel and energy. The roads and railways should also be sufficient enough for connectivity. However, there is a lack of adequate foods to support the development of the required infrastructure (Straub, 2011). The government should come up with clear and transparent policies that support the development of infrastructures. Likewise, the government should abolish constraints imposed on land rights, as well as secure long-term funding for infrastructure development. The fate of the Indias infrastructural development depends on the proper execution of political reforms and policies by the leaders (Schofield, Horrell, Reis, 2015). Even with the recognition of inadequate infrastructure as a hindrance to economic development, funding its development is quite a challenge. The government is spending a bigger portion of its funds on paying debts and subsidies leaving an insignificant share in transport and logistics. The huge financing gap has led to underdeveloped Indian road and rail network which has affected the consumers and producers due to inefficiencies of produce movement (Anand, 2006). The government should operationalize financial channels to address this issue. Several steps have been put in place to address the financial bottleneck. From the beginning of the 2013/2014 financial year, both the federal and state governments raised their financial allocation on infrastructural projects (Singh, 2005). For instance, the Federal government created the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) in 2016. This is a big step towards improving the infrastructural network in the country. The NIIF pools 40,000 crore rupees (half of the funds come from the government) which are then used to fund Brownfield and Greenfield projects as well as stalled infrastructure investments (Maiti, 2014). The financial risks that impacted the global economy in 2008 are major hurdle on Indias economic development. Although the economic growth improved slightly between 2013 (5.1%), 2014 (5.6%), and 2015 (5.7%). The volatile nature of the countrys exchange rate is a major cause of low growth. The economic growth is characterised by high depreciation level, high rate of unemployment, and weak business and consumer confidence (Anand, 2006). The developing economies like India heavily depend on developed countries like the U.S. and the UK to support their economic development. However, with the high level of unemployment in Europe show slow economic growth in India. The countrys annual economic growth dropped below 6% in 2013, 2014 and 2015. There were concerns that just like the UK, the U.S. would be reducing its financial support to India. Such a decision would bring about a lot of consequences (Dasgupta, 2012). The structural bottleneck is a major barrier to achieving higher growth even after India reduced restrictions on foreign investors. The hindrance issues are difficult to land acquisition policies, weak power supply, and transportation network, ill-targeted subsidies, delayed project approval, low productivity in agriculture and manufacturing sectors, skill mismatches and unfavourable labour laws (Singh, 2005). As a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), The Indian government is addressing the structural bottleneck by; investing in education and infrastructure, eliminating over regulation to simplify business environment and increase predictability in investment and trade sectors. In addition, there is the need to provide stable and sustainable policies supporting the Foreign Service trade and merchandise, linking procedures, incentives and rules with those of the WTO and the Foreign Trade Organization (FTO) (OECD, 2012). Furthermore, Indias exports should be diversified as well to make its agricultural and manufacturing sectors competitive in the global market. Lastly, the government should align its trade architectures of engagement with those of key trade regions globally (Dasgupta, 2012) Conclusion The reviewed literature supports the research topic and question. There is a clear indication that the Indias economy has been performing poorly due to the bottlenecks discussed above (independent variables). Seemingly, the government has put several mechanisms in place to address the issues. This is enough evidence indicating the need to come up with an intervention plan so that the economy can perform as required i.e. achieve the 10+% growth rate per annum (Adam, J Kamuzora, F.K, 2008). The methodology chapter covers the research design chosen to address the research topics such as data collection and analysis techniques. It provides an insightful procedure to be followed when conducting the research. This research will follow both quantitative and qualitative research strategy (Maxwell, 2005). In conducting the study, both the qualitative and quantitative strategy will be followed because they fit the research topic. The qualitative research approach is concerned with qualitative phenomena. As a researcher, I am interested in investigating the bottleneck issues facing the Indian economy and the interventions taken by the government and other economic bodies to address the issues (Adam, J Kamuzora, F.K, 2008). Likewise, the quantitative strategy will focus on analysing the statistical data to understand how the bottlenecks have impacted the economic development and whether or not the government interventions have been fruitful. Both the primary and secondary sources of data shall be used. Interview method is the most useful and effective to gather data on the bottleneck issues facing Indian economic development because it offers direct contact with the participants. Interviews offer the opportunity to obtain detailed and insightful information on the research topic. The first-hand information would be obtained from the CEO of different departments of Indian sectors, economists, government representative, and scholars will provide an opportunity to understand the topic better. Each interview will take between 50 and 60 minutes (Bryman Bell, 2011). The Structured and Semi-structured questionnaire will be used to collect qualitative and quantitative data from the participants. The structured question will comprise of both open and closed questions. Likewise, the semi-structured questions will allow the researcher to add more questions after exhausting those on the list. The semi-structured approach also allows obtaining clarification on the questions contained in the list (Saunders, Lewis, hornhill, 2009). The already existing data of the economic growth and development like foreign trade, inflation and the growth of the service sector will be analysed to support the research findings. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques will be used to analyse the collected data. The qualitative analysis will be based on the concrete of the information collected from the interviewees and participants. On the other hand, Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS analytical tool will be used to analyse the statistical information obtained (Adam, J Kamuzora, F.K, 2008). The findings will be presented using tabulation forms such as graphs, tables which provide a numerical aspect of the information. Likewise, qualitative data will be presented by forming an inclusive opinion based on the critical views from the experts (Bryman Bell, 2011) Research Budget This is the proposed budget for the research project to be conducted to address the research topic Items Description Duration Allocated Amount ($) Senior Researcher Invigilate all the research activities 9 Months 5,000 Other personnel Providing supportive assistance, 9 months 10,000 Equipment Purchase recording devices, analysis machine, Printer etc. 5,000 Travel Travel to meet with the research instructor and data collection 9 months 4,500 Supplies and Materials Printing materials, stationery etc. 7,500 Consultation Fees Consulting research experts on data collection and analysis 7 days 1,500 Printing Questionnaires, 40 copies of the final report 1,500 Other Costs Food and accommodation for the research team 2 months 4,000 Total Research Cost 39,000 Research Schedule: Gantt This is the research schedule for the research project due in November 2017 (the student to edit the actual date). Activity Time May June July September October November Choosing a topic Testing the topic and consulting the instructor Prepare Working Thesis Research question Develop plan Choose submit references Complete Submit Research Proposal Revise proposal Instructor approval Complete Internet Library Research Review and Refine the paper outline Collect data Analyse data Complete first draft Feedback from instructor Carry further research Revise the first draft Edit paper Complete Check the documentation Proofread for punctuation, mechanics, grammar, spelling Print submit final report Report publication References Adam, J, Kamuzora, F.K. (2008). Research Methods for Business and Social Studies. Washington,DC: Cambridge University Press. Anand, P. B. (2006). Indias economic policy reforms: a review. Journal of Economic Studies. Balachandran, G., Cox, W., Kumar, S., Dilip, M., Roy, T. (2015). The Indian Economic Social History Review. SAGE Publishing Journal. Bosworth, B., Collins, S. M., Virmani, A. (2016). Competing For Global FDI: Opportunities And Challenges For The Indian Economy. Journals.sagepub.com. N.p, 2017. Bosworth, B., Collins, S. M., Virmani, A. (2017). Sources Of Growth In The Indian Economy. NBER. Bosworth, Barry, Collins, S. M., Virma, A. (2016). Concept And Evolution Of Business Models. Journals.sagepub.com. N.p. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2011). Business Research Methods (Third Edition ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Dasgupta, K. (2012). Learning and Knowledge Diffusion in a Global Economy. Journal of International Economics, 323336. Ghate, C., Pandey, R., Patnaik, I. (2013). Has India Emerged? Business Cycle Stylized Facts from a Transitioning Economy. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 157172. Kumar, S., Wyman, O. (2017). 3 Ways To Boost Growth In India. World Economic Forum. N.p. Maiti, D. (2014). Reform and Productivity Growth in India: Issues and Trends in the Labour. London: Routledge. Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publishing. Mishra, P. (2013). Has India's Growth Story Withered? Economic and Political Weekly, 5159. OECD. (2012). INDIA: SUSTAINING HIGH AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH. India Brochure. Rodrik, D., Subramanian, A. (2004). From Hindu Growth to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition. IMF Working Paper WP/04/77. Sahoo, P., Dash, R. K. (2012). Economic Growth in South Asia: Role of Infrastructure. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 217252. Sahu, P. K., Nag, N. C., Gupta, R. (2016). The Indian Journal of Economics. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2009). Research for Business Students. London: Pearson Education Limited. Schofield, P. R., Horrell, S., Reis, J. (2015). The Economic History. The Economic History Review. Sharma, A. N. (2006). Flexibility, Employment and Labour Market Reforms in India. Economic and Political Weekly. Sharma, C. K., Swenden, W. (2017). Continuity and Change in Contemporary Indian Federalism. Indian Review. Singh, C. (2005). Financial sector reforms in India. WP No. 241 Stanford Center for International Development . Straub, S. (2011). Infrastructure and development: A critical appraisal of the macro-level literature. The Journal of Development Studies, 683708. Virmani, A. (2005). Policy regimes, growth, and poverty in India: Lessons of government failure and entrepreneurial success! Working Paper No. 170. Virmani, A. (2012). Accelerating and sustaining growth: Economic and political lessons. IMF WP/12/185.

Drivers and Performance Consequences †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Drivers and Performance Consequences. Answer: Introduction: Political- The political stability prevailing in Europe helps in the growth of a business and the financial benefits that people get helps in the flourishing of new business. UAE has been a model of that of political stability and this helps business of different kinds. Political unrest prevails in the other countries but UAE inspite of having foreign community experiences stable political conditons. Economic- There is a strong cohesion in the leadership of the country along with that of the openness and this has helped in boosting the economy of UAE. It is economically very advanced owing to the educational along with health development. Social- Development pertaining to infrastructure has been impressive within the UAE. There is the existence of welfare system that helps in offering free services to that of the nationals. The enrolment of girls in the educational institutions is impressive and the social development has helped in the growth of different business (Molina-Azorn et al. 2015). Technological- Free wi-fi within the public spaces of UAE helps the different kinds of business to flourish. Technology has been created that can help in the monitoring of infrastructure. Digital technology helps in improving life of citizens. Legal- Reorganization pertaining to existing legislative framework can help in the establishment of that business ventures across that of the UAE. Cross-border trade can be easily facilitated with the help of the regulations existing in UAE. Environmental- UAE ranks one in terms of the ecological footprint. The environmental issues are caused owing to the exploitation of that of natural resources along with that of rapid population growth. 5 forces Analysis Business related to food is opening in the city and almost four restaurants are opening in a day. Figures from that of Dubai Municipality has shown that around 2074 restaurants have opened in the last 18 months. This makes the threat from that of new entrants very high for that of Slices. Slices participates in different school along with university events in order to spread the values. The entrepreneurs of Slices have developed food which is unique and the community services offered by Slices sets it apart from the competitors. The philanthropic attitude that Slices have for the poor people has helped in creating a distinct name for the brand which makes the threat of substitutes quite low (Wagner and Hollenbeck 2014). Slices provides a guarantee that the food that they provide is fresh and the shelf life of the food is 24 hours. The international exposure that Slices have helps in the creation of concepts that are fresh and this makes the bargaining power of the customers to be very high. Slices believes in maintaining intimate relationship with that of the vendors present in the market. This helps in controlling the products through the value chain and they want to work with the suppliers who have the same kind of values. The healthy drive undertaken by Slices makes it necessary that the suppliers also believe in community initiatives (Alonso-Almeida, Bremser and Llach 2015). There are very few suppliers who share the belief of Slices and this makes the bargaining power of suppliers to be high. Understanding of the rivals of the industry is necessary for the successful marketing of a product. Slices buys the organic products from that of the local farmers and it adapts the meals on the basis of the season (Nitiwanakul 2018). This is clearly set forward in their advertisements. The fact that Slices helps in supporting local employment and has low ecological footprint have been suggested in their marketing makes it stand out in the industry which makes the rivalry from te industry to be low. Core Competencies The competencies of Slices have been characterized by the different processes that helps in deploying the resources in an effective manner. The meals of Slices are on the basis of the remarks and suggestions of the customer. The purchasing of organic products from that of the local farmers and adaptation of the meals on the basis of the season makes it a unique brand among the consumers (Mao et al. 2016). The supporting of Slices of local employment has also helped in creating a position in the market. Selling of healthy food along with that of the viewpoint of corporate social responsibility has together contributed in creating a unique name for the company (Kim et al. 2015). The delivery service opened by Slices has made it more convenient for the consumers. The distinctiveness in terms of the organizational capacities has enabled in providing Slices with competitive advantage. The resources have helped in making the team of Slices in the generation of superior products along with services at a standard cost. Strategy Recommendations The customers get to see different kinds of messages in a day and showing of product recommendations can help in influencing the customer buying behaviour. Integration of a visual that shows products near that of point of sale can help in the creation of smart visual placement that can augment the value of the brand. Product availability should be the basis on which the products are promoted. This can help them in having more inventory control and help in prevention of food waste (Leonidou et al. 2017). Technology should be made use of to a large extent in order to capture that of customer data. Loyalty programs should be made use of by Slices for capturing data related to the customers. Service is key in the case of restaurant business. Hospitality can make the customers feel good and it can help in bringing them back to the restaurant. The management should actively engage with that of the customers that can set an example in front of the customers. The restaurant should be kept properly staffed in times of peak hours and an incentive system can be made use of in order to keep the employees satisfied. References: Molina-Azorn, J.F., Tar, J.J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Lpez-Gamero, M.D. and Pertusa-Ortega, E.M., 2015. The effects of quality and environmental management on competitive advantage: A mixed methods study in the hotel industry.Tourism Management,50, pp.41-54. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. Alonso-Almeida, M.D.M., Bremser, K. and Llach, J., 2015. Proactive and reactive strategies deployed by restaurants in times of crisis: Effects on capabilities, organization and competitive advantage.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(7), pp.1641-1661. Nitiwanakul, W., 2018. A Comparative study of customer perceived value as a driver for fine dining restaurant selection.AU Journal of Management,12(1), pp.1-13. Mao, H., Liu, S., Zhang, J. and Deng, Z., 2016. Information technology resource, knowledge management capability, and competitive advantage: the moderating role of resource commitment.International Journal of Information Management,36(6), pp.1062-1074. Kim, S., Koh, Y., Cha, J. and Lee, S., 2015. Effects of social media on firm value for US restaurant companies.International Journal of Hospitality Management,49, pp.40-46. Leonidou, L.C., Christodoulides, P., Kyrgidou, L.P. and Palihawadana, D., 2017. Internal drivers and performance consequences of small firm green business strategy: The moderating role of external forces.Journal of business ethics,140(3), pp.585-606.